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Epidemiological association of cannabinoid- and drug- exposures and sociodemographic factors with limb reduction defects across USA 1989–2016: A geotemporospatial study
Introduction: Limb reductions (LR) are rare and dramatic defects which were first described several thousand years ago in the literature of antiquity (Bermejo-Sanchez et al., 2011b, 2011a). More recently they received prominence as the hallmark and initial indication of the teratogenic action of the drug thalidomide (Bermejo-Sanchez et al., 2011b, 2011a). LR includes both absence of proximal limb elements (intercalary segments, phocomelia) as well as complete limb absence (amelia)
Highlights
- Limb reduction rates (LRR) were associated with cannabis use, and THC potency.
- A sharp increase in LRR rates occurred from the fourth to the fifth quintile.
- These relationships were robust to adjustment for ethic and economic covariates.
- They were maintained at geospatiotemporal regression.
- Cannabis legalization was associated with higher LRR's.
Conclusion: Therefore, a spatiotemporal and dose-dependent association between several cannabinoids including THC and cannabigerol and LRR is reported, is robust to adjustment, is consistent with pathophysiological and preclinical studies, accords with findings elsewhere, is markedly exacerbated in higher exposure quintiles, is exacerbated by cannabis legalization and evidences dose-related intergenerational sequaelae.
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Birth Defects
Thalidomide “only” causes 33 birth defects.
- In USA cannabis is linked with 46 / 62.
- In cannabis is linked with 89 / 95.
- Moreover, cannabis shares 12 of the 13 mechanisms of action of thalidomide.
- All 45 associated in USA were also associated in Europe.
- 65/69 assessable European congenital anomalies were also linked in the USA data.
- 59% of the human genome is directly impacted by cannabis genotoxicity.
Cancer
- 25/34 Cancers in USA cannabinoid related
- 33/40 Cancers in Europe cannabis related
- 96% of 25 USA Cancers confirmed in European dataset
- 97% of 24 European cancers confirmed in USA dataset
Cannabis is driving the 50% rise in pediatric cancer. This is due to inheritable genotoxic damage to parents which become manifest in the offspring. It has also driven the rise in Acute Lymphoid Leukaemia which is the commonest childhood cancer of all. It has also driven the 100% rise in testicular cancer in USA. (Click Image or here for Video Presentation)
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This is the madness you get when the largely unregulated #marijuana marketing monster is permitted to promote non-clinically trialled products with unsubstantiated claims of care and cure!
But that’s exactly what you get in a ‘vote for medicine’ framework. The short-term and intergenerational harms of this #madness is all but guaranteed. It is disturbing enough when the ‘grown ups’ want to self-destruct, but when their actions condemn children to often irreversible harms, it’s beyond outrageous.
Ah! but the ‘intoxicated’ don’t care – except that whatever immediate ‘felt need’ is assuaged. Such is the inevitable trap of substance use.
Association of Comorbid Behavioral and Medical Conditions With Cannabis Use Disorder in Pregnancy
Considerable growth was observed in the prevalence of CUD diagnoses among individuals hospitalized prenatally and in the prevalence of depression, anxiety, nausea, and other conditions in individuals with CUD at hospitalization. This study highlights the need for more screening, prevention, and treatment, particularly in populations with co-occurring CUD and psychiatric disorders. Research on the determinants and outcomes associated with CUD during pregnancy is needed to guide clinicians, policy makers, and patients in making informed decisions.
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Published Online:19 Apr 2022
Abstract
Introduction: Over-the-counter cannabidiol (CBD) products have seen unprecedented recent growth in the United Kingdom. However, analysis of these predominantly unregulated products from other countries tells us that they are often mislabeled or contain unlabeled and potentially dangerous chemicals. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze CBD oils available in the United Kingdom.
Materials and Methods: Phytocannabinoids, residual solvent, and heavy metals were measured blinded in 29 widely available CBD products by an independent testing facility using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection for cannabinoids, Headspace-gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for residual solvents, and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry for heavy metals.
Results: The mean advertised CBD content was 4.5%, and the actual mean measured CBD content of products was 3.2% (p=0.053, Mann–Whitney test). Only 11/29 (38%) products were within 10% of the advertised CBD content. Fifty five percent of products had measurable levels of the controlled substances Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (mean content 0.04%) or cannabinol (mean content 0.01%), as well as most other phytocannabinoid compounds including cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabidivarin (CBDV), and cannabidivarin acid (CBDVA). Detectable levels of N-pentane, ethanol, isopropanol, heptane, lead, and arsenic were found in many of the CBD products, but these were within acceptable levels.
Conclusions: As demonstrated in other countries, the quality of over-the-counter CBD products in the United Kingdom can be substandard, particularly with regard to CBD content, and often contains levels of controlled substances. We recommend that these products be more strictly regulated for consumer welfare.
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Cannabis is the second-most common psychoactive substance (after alcohol) used during pregnancy.
- Elements of cannabis can pass through the placenta and affect the fetus’s development. Frequent cannabis use during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight and is part of a cluster of risk factors related to other adverse birth outcomes.
- There are also effects on behaviour in children and young adults, including attention deficits, emotional disturbances, increased hyperactivity and impulsivity, sleep disorders, and increased likelihood of substance use.
- Growing evidence from human and animal studies shows that paternal cannabis use can also negatively affect children’s neurodevelopment.
- Elements of cannabis can pass into breastmilk during lactation, which the infant absorbs and metabolizes.
- The effects of cannabidiol (CBD) use during pregnancy or breastfeeding are unknown. Both clinical and preclinical studies are urgently needed to evaluate the safety of CBD use during pregnancy.
- Information on the effects of cannabis use during pregnancy is essential to help healthcare providers advise patients about the effect of cannabis use and improve the health and well-being of patients and their children.